Light snow

Bumped

Learned yesterday that the board of the co-op building we'd applied to live in had turned down our application. Disappointing, especially after two months of wrangling about the "board package," supplying endless answers to loan underwriters, etc., etc. But whatcha gonna do? No explanation was given - it never is - so all we can do is pick up our deposit and move on. Who'd want to live in such people's building anyway? Maybe we dodged a bullet! Sour grapes never tasted so sweet!

Left no trace

By the way, Debra Granik's "Leave no trace" should have won most of those Oscars, or at least been nominated for them. Have a heart!

Futuring

Took a break from New School history to participate in a "futuring" workshop run by our cutting-edge MFA program in Transdisciplinary Design offering tools for imagining 100 Year Visions at The New School. I may have been the only liberal arts person there but, at least in the group I was assigned to, what people hoped the New School would represent in 2119 sounded like a return to liberal arts. Less speed, less consumption, less careerism, less computerization, more of the human, of the analog, of life, of philosophy. Not quite today's humanities, though! There was a space where, by touching fuzzy objects, humans might develop "empathy" for AI, which would presumably be feeling most put upon by then... and a course taught by a sea turtle,  the ideal instructor for human lives at a time when more of our lives will, presumably, have to take place at
sea... and a constructed environment where students might get "stuck," forced to slow down and engage each other. My group imagined a project where students designed instruments to exchange vibrations with other forms of life - dolphins, trees, slime molds. Not bad for two hours spent with random strangers! And yet the Transdisciplinary Design students I spoke to complained New School wasn't "radical" enough!

Layer cake

Neither cheesecake nor carrot cake: authentic Sichuan hotpot starter!

Ever untimely

I noticed yesterday that my watch battery had entered that capricious stage that marks the end of its efficacy, stopping for stretches of time, then starting up again.

This anomaly came in handy in this morning's Zhuangzi class, which began as scheduled at 10:00. But my watch said 6:18 and I told the class so - and why, and that I didn't know if this was 6:18am or 6:18pm. As the class progressed I looked to my watch reflexively, as I usually do, monitoring the unfolding of our discussion over our allotted time. 6:51! 7:10! Sometimes I checked my laptop for EST time but sometimes I also announced the time on my watch. 7:40! As we had knock-down-drag-out discussions of passages like

   Huizi said to Zhuangzi, "Your words are useless."
   Zhuangzi said, "It is only when you know uselessness that you can understand anything about the useful. The earth is certainly vast and wide, but a man at any time only uses as much of it as his two feet can cover. But if you were to dig away all the earth around his feet, down to the Yellow Springs, would that little patch he stands on be of any use to him?"
   Huizi said, "It would be useless."
   Zhuangzi said, "Then the usefulness of the useless should be quite obvious." 

(from the probably not Zhuangzi-penned "Miscellaneous" chapter 26; Ziporyn 112) my untimely timekeeping went from a jarring interruption to a joke to feeling like something more profound. (We did the same with that passage, reading it as profound and then as a SNL parody of profundity - and then it was profound. The profoundness of the faux-profound should be quite obvious.)

This was our last session just reading the Zhuangzi together and Huizi's question was on all our lips. It recaps a conversation which appears already at the end of ch. 1 when Zhuangzi's sophist friend fatefully compares Zhuangzi's words to a huge useless tree, setting up one of the text's abiding images. What better illustration of the Dao than a tree so useless that noone thinks to cut it down? An analogous tree actually says so in a carpenter's dream at 4.17: If I were useful, do you think that I could have grown to be so great? (Ziporyn 30).

But really: what use is any of this? I'm afraid the question was to more than this text, this class, extending to all texts and all classes, and beyond! What use is there in questioning usefulness? And in a wounded world of needy people, including ourselves, isn't it irresponsible to pursue such questions? It was a more frustrated discussion than our last ones, but productively (I won't say usefully!) so. Perhaps we're learning to recognize all words (and claims and texts and classes) as what in ch. 27 are called spillover goblet words 卮言 (explained by Ziporyn as hinged vessels that tip and empty when they get too full), giving forth [new meanings] constantly, harmonizing them all through their Heavenly Transitions (Ziporyn 114).

If we learn to expect and welcome that tipping we're back on Course! Our world is itself at a tipping point; might the Zhuangzi's end-run around usefulness disclose more sustainable ways of being part of it?

Dismal science

A somewhat different prospect of New School students, this from documentary footage shot in an economics class in 1938. No hats here.

Snow of a sort

Dreams of flying the coop

If I've seemed a little logey the last weeks it's because we're trying to buy a co-op in Manhattan. Countercultural in itself - leaving Brooklyn for Manhattan?! - the whole process of applying for a mortgage has felt downright phantastical at a time when the president of the United States devotes his days to undermining anyone's confidence in any future. Doing all this while trying to teach about the Anthropocene and Zhuangzi would by itself produce cognitive dissonance aplenty every day of the week. But then there's the infamous "board package," a special kind of torture proudly maintained by the boards of New York City co-ops as flocks of lawyers, accountants, bankers, real estate agents and others fly in lazy circles overhead and scurry about underfoot. (Sorry, but this cringeworthy process demands mixed metaphors.) We've thought we were close to seeing the end of the tunnel many times only to be thrown for another loop by news of another arbitrary requirement nobody had the decency to tell us about before... It's enough to make one dream of joining the Daoists who flee society and all its conventions!

Tiptoes

Above 265

New graffiti on the roof!

Imperial forgetfulness

Here's food for thought: a map of the United States in 1941 including all our colonial territories. Alaska and Hawai'i were yet to become states then, and the Philippines was still a territory as Guam, Puerto Rico and countless islands still are. "Slightly more than one in eight of the people of the US lived outside of the states," notes Daniel Immerwahr in the Guardian. The existence of the American empire has been hidden from the awareness of residents of the states by the "logo map" of the contiguous states and the (also culpably naive) story of its settlement.

It begins

Mission drift

The Zhuangzi course proceeds apace, which means we expansively limp and stagger along with the Course hoping eventually to float and drift within the ancestor of all things, which makes all things the things they are, but which no thing can make anything of (chs 18 and 20; Ziporyn 72 and 84). More easily done than said!

We've moved beyond the seven 内篇 "Inner Chapters" which are all most folks in these parts read - there's plenty of limping and staggering there! The remaining twenty-six chapters, of which we're reading the selections Brook Ziporyn includes in his Zhuangzi: The Essential Writings, add complexity in part by being less complicated. Road signs, though pointing in different directions! Ziporyn suggests we approach them as efforts of earlier readers of the Inner Chapters to make sense of them. We're in a conversation - though we don't know with whom!

I framed the class with words from chapter 10:  

Everyone in the world knows how to raise questions about what they don't know, but none know how to raise questions about what they already know. (Ziporyn 66) 

I had the students give presentations on sections they were confident they understood. We soon lost our way.

To try to govern the world by doubling the number of sages would merely double the profits of the great robbers. If you create pounds and ounces to measure them with, they'll steal the pounds and ounces and rob with them as well. ... And if you create Humanity and Responsibility to regulate them with, why, they'll just steal the Humanity and Responsibility and rob with them as well. (ch 10, Ziporyn 64) 

When a drunken man falls from a cart, he may be hurt but he will not be killed.. ... Having been unaware that he was riding, he is now unaware that he is falling. (ch 19, Ziporyn 78)

Man's life between heaven and earth is like a white stallion galloping past a crack in a wall. (ch 22, Ziporyn 88)

Beginningless said, "Not knowing is profound; knowing is shallow. Not knowing is internal; knowing is external." 
At this, Great Clarity was provoked to let out a sigh. "Not knowing is knowing! Knowing is not knowing! Who knows the knowing of nonknowing?"...
Beginningless said: ... "If someone answers when asked about the Course [Dao], he does not know the Course. Though one may ask about the Course, this does not mean one has heard of the Course." (ch 22, Ziporyn 90)

Image above from the TV version of Tsai Chih Chung, 莊子說

What the New School looked like

Hanging out in the New School archives with my co-conspirator J, the university archivist and a grad student in psychology interested in writing about the history of psychology here, I learned about a recent archival find - this photo, of neo-Freudian Karen Horney. It's the late 30s or early 1940s (a historian of millinery would be able to tell us - what a display!) and Horney's teaching in the very room where J and I taught our first New School history course - although the walls and ceiling will then still have had Joseph Urban's color regime. What's so delightful here are the faces, each of which seems to tell a story. Why are some women smiling, others frowning? Why is one woman in short sleeves? What's going on with the intense young woman in the front row, or the pensive man at right (surrounded by scratches on the negative)? The woman in dark glasses in the back row, her companion hiding behind a copy of the New School Bulletin, seem to come from more recent times. And whence comes the circle right above Horney's head?

Earth satyagraha

Something very special happened in "Religion and the Anthropocene" today. It went like a tremor through the room - everyone felt it.

The week's been dedicated to the Bhagavad Gita and to Gandhi's thoughts about, and building from it, in Hind Swaraj. I'd forgotten to post the Hind Swaraj text on our online platform (and no student had alerted me to its absence) so it fell to me to tell them about this remarkable work from 1909, clear articulation of Gandhi's critique of "modern civilization" and of the love/soul/truth-force (satyagraha) that True Home Rule for India would mean. It's written as a dialogue with someone who wants to kick the English out. Gandhi tries to convince him that the problem isn't (just) the English but the English way of understanding human life, economy, politics, spirituality. Thinking like their colonial oppressors, the Indian nationalists "want the tiger's nature, but not the tiger" (12). In particular, trying to fight the English with the same "brute-force" they use is doomed to failure. The interlocutor isn't easily persuaded, and offers a powerful analogy. If an armed thief comes into your house, ought you not to drive him out?

I read the class Gandhi's response, which begins by imagining how arming yourself and your neighbors against the thief would lead to a widening escalation of arms - and would probably end in disgrace. But there's an alternative.

"You set this armed robber down as an ignorant brother; you intend to reason with him at a suitable opportunity: you argue that he is, after all, a fellow man; you do not know what prompted him to steal. You, therefore, decide that, when you can, you will destroy the man's motive for stealing. Whilst you are thus reasoning with yourself, the man comes again to steal. Instead of being angry with him, you take pity on him. You think that this stealing habit must be a disease with him. Henceforth, you, therefore, keep your doors and windows open, you change your sleeping-place, and you keep your things in a manner most accessible to him. The robber comes again and is confused as all this is new to him; nevertheless, he takes away your things. But his mind is agitated. He enquires about you in the village, he comes to learn about your broad and loving heart, he repents, he begs your parson, returns you your things and leaves off the stealing habit. He becomes your servant, and you find for him honourable employment." (44)

Stunned silence, as you may imagine, leading to an uneasy discussion. Is this serious? Is it practical? Could it ever work? And yet is there any true alternative? We traced ways in which this commitment to satyagraha (religion, morality, India, interchangeable in Gandhi's argument) is anchored in the Gita's decoupling of action from concern with fruits of action, its sense that all are connected in Krishna, that there are no enemies, that the true force at work in the cosmos is love. But still, we're in a class about climate calamity. The world we know is dead or dying, dragging much of the rest of life with us. Love?



I'd put up this image of Gandhi from the New School's Orozco murals, and talked a little about how hard it is to recapture the sense of utopian hope it represented in 1931, when the toppling of the British Raj was inconceivable to most. (Hope and need?) What place is there today for a fairy story like that of the robber let alone for its utopian feel, its imagining a genuine alternative to the failed dream of western modernity? As Amitav Ghosh and Prasenjit Duara lament, Indian and Chinese religious figures early saw through the false promises of western models of national strength and prosperity but these lands' current governments want the tiger's nature. India isn't Gandhian anymore! A rousing manifesto for "climate satyagraha" written at a PanAfrican conference on nonviolence (the brief second reading the students had prepared) added to the utopian feel, and the feel of estrangement. Is love-force, soul-force, truth-force really more than a fantasy? Can we even feel it, numbed as we are? Then this happened:

Actually, said one student, the earth, doesn't the earth treat us just the way Gandhi says we should treat the robber, setting everything out for us to take?

Seismic.

The Penguin Gandhi Reader, ed. Rudrangshu Mukherjee (Penguin, 1993)

Far side

Just a little past the fiftieth anniversary of the famous blue marble photo of the earth from the surface of the moon, here's an image (actually a composite) of the long unseen dark side of the moon with the blue marble in the background, courtesy of a Chinese satellite.

Habit-forming

It could get a little tedious to announce the 100th anniversary of each of the New School's first seven classes, but I have to mention this one, which met for the first time today in 1919. It has the distinction of being our first course taught by a woman - and quite a redoubtable one at that. Emily James Putnam (whom you've known about for years!) was a veritable co-foundress of the school, and the person responsible for the most iconoclastic elements of the early New School's structure.

But this is also the first time the word "religion" comes up in a course description - as a subject for analysis and critique, of course!

Pure fragrance of earth

I tried teaching about the Bhagavad Gita today, a first. Many of my colleagues in small religious studies programs have to engage it in world religion survey courses all the time, but since we abjure such surveys, I've been spared the chance. The reason for breaking my Gita fast now is almost laughably arbitrary. Roy Scranton, whose Learning to Die in the Anthropocene we read the first week, quotes from the Gita in what purports to be a post-religious text. I also thought it would be interesting to ease our way into "religion" not through comfortably spineless Buddhism or notoriosly eco-toxic Christianity. I was also angling for a way to bring in Gandhi's critique of western culture, and he was deeply grounded in the Gita. Makes a kind of sense, I guess, and there's a reason so many non-Hindus have been impressed and inspired by it. But I couldn't have predicted that one of my students would be a child of ISKCON, the International Society of Krishna Consciousness. Karma! In any case, how can one not swoon at words like these...

'There is nothing superior 
to me, O Conqueror of Wealth; 
the universe is strung on me 
as pearls are strung upon a thread. 

'I am the water's taste, Arjuna, 
I am the light of sun and moon, 
the Vedas' sacred syllable, 
sound in the air, manhood in men. 

'I am the pure fragrance of earth 
and the radiance of fire; 
I am the life in all beings, 
the ascetics' asceticism. 

'Know me, O Son of Pritha, as 
the eternal seed in all beings, 
the mind of the intelligent, 
the splendor of the radiant! 

'I am the might of the mighty, 
freed from passion and desire, 
I am desire unopposed 
to law, O Bull of Bharatas.'

(7.7-11; Norton Critical Edition,

trans. Gavin Flood [2014], 39)

How the Gita will connect to our Anthropocene discussions remains to be seen. The gentle Krishna above (pic from here) differs from the deterministic part of the Gita Scranton likes (where everyone is already effectively dead, a riff on 11.33). Nor is it quite like - though of course, all of them meet in Krishna - the terrifying part which has become part of the story of the Anthropocene through J. Robert Oppenheimer, who quoted the Gita (melding 10.34, 11.12 and 11.32) when he witnessed the first atomic bomb test in 1945.

"If the radiance of a thousand suns

Were to burst at once into the sky

That would be like the splendor of the Mighty One... 

I am become Death,

The shatterer of worlds."

And all these are different from the sustenance Gandhi finds for ahimsa in the Gita, which we'll be reading about on Wednesday... Stay tuned!

Centennial!

One hundred years ago today, the New School for Social Research offered its first course, one of seven offered as a teaser for the  planned opening in October. The school sought people wishing to enter the fields of journalism, municipal administration, labor organization, and the teaching of social science. Cosmopolitan from the get-go, the very first lecture was by a 26-year-old British Jew (although he had repudiated his faith), Harold Laski.

Not emerging

For my birthday I received a Leunig calendar! And in case you don't know who Leunig is (you've seen him here several times before), this is an excellent introduction.

Ensemble work

My week started and ended in the New School's main auditorium. This afternoon I was part of the audience as a garland of illustrious talking heads talked at each other about the prospects of liberalism and democracy, together or apart - a first major centennial event. I wasn't there for all of it, but the exchanges I heard were instantly forgettable. But I was - and am - still churning with memories of Monday evening, when I attended a concert of the Mannes Orchestra with student conductors. For that I sat front center, the orchestra spread before me like the Grand Canyon, watching in delight as Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet waxed and waned through the assembled intrumentalists. But what hasn't let me go are Rachmaninoff's weird and wonderful Symphonic Dances, familiar from recordings but an experience, when you're embraced by the orchestra like that, as vertiginous as being in a boat in a big-swelled sea. I've still not quite regained my land legs.

Thinking from the penumbra

Preparing for a class on the Zhuangzi in the midst of a more than usually frazzling week was, I admit it, impossible. So I started today's class asking a student, who'd missed the last class, to share his reflections on a fun little dialogue:

The penumbra said to the shadow, "First you were walking, then you were standing still. First you were sitting, then you were upright. Why can't you decide on a single course of action?"
The shadow said, "Do I depend on something to make me as I am? Does what I depend on depend on something else? Do I depend on it as a snake does on its skin, or a cicada on its shell? How would I know why I am so or not so?" (Ziporyn 20-21)

Things took their own course from there, from shadows and penumbras (the edges of shadows, which we decided must have penumbra of their own, and...) to dreams (and dreams in dreams, and...) to the "piping of the earth" as the "belching" of the "Great Clump" blows through landscapes and a symphony of sounds arise (or through our seven orifices, producing joy and anger, sorrow and happiness, plans and regrets, transformations and stagnations, unguarded abandonment and deliberate posturing) to the wisdom of loutish one-footed ex-cons and the dream teachings of huge ancient trees and finally to the power of one Huzi to confound a shaman whose ability to read destinies in faces makes people flee in terror, but runs for his life after seeing just a few of the aspects of the cosmic "reservoir" in Huzi.

Watching our reactions

In "Religion and the Anthropocene" we've decided (with a little prodding from yours truly) to produce a blog. It will share interesting work on the subject, but also model how one might respond to it. The first iteration will work with a cool set of pieces students brought to class yesterday:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00122-z

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/06/global-temperatures-2018-record-climate-change-global-warming

https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-undersea-data-server-scotland/

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/apr/06/revealing-interview-with-top-contrarian-climate-scientists

https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/hole-opens-under-antarctic-glacier-big-enough-fit-two-thirds-ncna965696

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190205-does-the-climate-shape-social-change

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/27/magazine/insect-apocalypse.html

https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-03-26/what-politicians-debating-global-warming-will-look-soon

https://www.buzzfeed.com/elfyscott/climate-change-is-going-to-bring-more-violent-conflict

https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/01/climate-signs/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180220170351.htm

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/30/mexico-monarch-butterflies-wintering-population-increase

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/31/european-colonization-of-americas-helped-cause-climate-change

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/04/a-third-of-himalayan-ice-cap-doomed-finds-shocking-report
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/04/rising-temperatures-to-make-oceans-bluer-and-greener?CMP=share_btn_fb&fbclid=IwAR0kWawk25tcsozXzAmsQNwai7PopKTGEB2hnlemvnq-9a74sM4jKQNPp0s



My instruction to the students:

these articles report things which elicit powerful reactions which it will be valuable to acknowledge, articulate, and share: sadness, anger, confusion, curiosity, hilarity, vertigo, panic, gratitude, resignation, hope, etc. For Monday's class, pick one of the articles (not the one you brought to class) and
1) write a 1-2 line introduction, as dry as you please
2) write at least a paragraph articulating what the article etc makes you feel. There’s no right or wrong way to do this. The point is that we react, even if we feel we have no idea how to react. If it helps, think of this as the sort of practice we discussed when doing our Buddhism primer: watch yourself reacting without judging. Finding names for your reactions can be helpful for you, and for others, too.

You can try it too!

(Images are from 8th, 12th and final articles linked)

Beyond progressive

Registering on Eventbrite for the first of the many events which are being marketed as part of The New School's centennial celebrations, I came across another new description of the place. We used to titter at "legendary progressive university," then were sad to see "progressive" go. "Major, degree-granting" is as oxymoronic. Who calls themselves"major"? And what university of any size doesn't grant degrees these days? The New School's unconventional history - we at first didn't want to be a university or give degrees, and even after acquiescing to the degree-granting game fashioned the larger part of ourselves as a non-degree "university for adults" - is hidden here like a body under a rug.

Conversations with scientists

My course on "Religion and the Anthropocene" has led to conversations with colleagues new and of long standing from our Interdisciplinary Science program.

One told me she's already tired of Anthropocene discussions. If what happened 65 million year ago hadn't happened, she reflected, we wouldn't be here at all.

Another, in her first conversation with someone from religious studies, asked me if one had to be religious in one's personal life to do religious studies. I asked if one had to be scientific in one's personal life to be a scientist. She reckoned she's scientific that way, there's always something relevant to a microbiologist going on. Even when she went to Comic Con recently, what she really wanted to do was swab everyone there and study the microbes  being exchanged. A religious studies person would want to do the same thing, I said!

Long story short, I'll be leading a conversation on Anthropocene as a bridging topic at a conference on STEM, Humanities and Social Justice they're hosting in April!

Ongoingness at stake

What's happening with the "Religion and the Anthropocene" class, you may be wondering? Four sessions in, it seems to be finding its stride. Or at least the instructor is! Well, knock on wood.

Today's reading was Donna Haraway's short but dense essay "Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin." (There was another reading, but we didn't get to it.) Haraway argues that the transitional period earth scientists are calling Anthropocene needs and deserves more names. She endorses capitalocenex (which dismisses the idea we're dealing with something "we" human did to ourselves, when it was a far smaller subset of human cultural and economic formations) as well as plantationocene (which focuses more on practices which extractively disrupt natural cycles and synergies, starting with the slave plantations of sugar and cotton of the New World), but argues we needs another name, too

for the dynamic ongoing sym-chthonic forces and powers of which people are a part, within which ongoingness is at stake

for which she proposes chthulucene,

after the diverse earth-wide tentacular powers and forces and collected things with names like Naga, Gaia, Tangaroa (burst from water-full Papa), Terra, Haniyasu-hime, Spider Woman, Pachamama, Oya, Gorgo, Raven, A'akuluujjusi, and many many more. “My” Chthulucene, even burdened with its problematic Greek-ish tendrils, entangles myriad temporalities and spatialities and myriad intra-active entities-in-assemblages—including the more-than-human, other-than-human, inhuman, and human-as-humus.

Lots of wordplay here, lots of jargon, and a principled refusal to use language as business as usual. But the central idea is that the human cannot and should not be thought in abstraction from the rest of life, of whose prodigious and promiscuous combinations and collaborations we are (but) a part. From this vantage, the Anthropocene names and reinforces dangerous delusions of grandeur and species autarky. Geoengineers imagine crafting a more docile earth while humanists and Silicon Valley billionnaires plan a human future beyond this terrestrial setting, when what's needed is a reckoning with what it means to be alive, a symbiont among symbionts, a cyborg with the imaginative power to change our lives and relations to "make kin" of the other parts of life.

It's a heady brew, and entirely different from the dour alarm of the thinkers we've so far encountered. Haraway doesn't deny the damage - she insists on mourning lost species and ecologies - but insists also on the need for joy in life's continuing intricacy and interrelation. Religion, too? The goddesses she groups with her Chthulu aren't quite being offered for veneration, though wonder might be in order, and a little fear. All of these are affects missing from the lifeless wasteland of Scranton's dead civilization, and, while only drawing us deeper into the "trouble," they also offer hope and companionship for the journey.

I've long enjoyed reading Haraway's work, but this was my first time teaching it, and it's delirious fun. Connecting it to "religion" will be a stretch, but an enjoyable one.

Joy wasn't something I was expecting to encounter in this class, and of course it's bittersweet (to put it mildly) to be discovering our profound entanglement with more-than-human, other-than-human, inhuman as we learn more each day how deadly the recent disturbances named by capitalocene and plantationocene are for so many, only getting worse as we deny and deflect. Our next readings take us deeper into the human cost of Anthropocene destruction of indigenous worlds and dehumanization of the bodies whose labor fueled the plantations, but we may find hope there, too, in the recovery of indigenous and transplanted ways of living with and for land.

Will religion be able to follow? Stay tuned!

City walls

On the way to the Church of the Holy Apostles, when the 1, 2, 3 are running, I pass the Fashion Institute of Technology, whose students brighten their brutalist building with murals of city life like these.

Sunset spectacle

A sunset snuck in after the sun set beneath clouds this evening...

 First came a little robin's egg, turquoise, apricot...

 Suddenly an explosion of hot orange lava in a sea of flame...

 Fluffy pink sheep scatter across the sky, leaving purple wool...

Of course

Why is seminar pedogagy so rich? Because things like this happen. I asked each student in the Zhuangzi single text course to identify a passage from our reading (chapters 1-3) which they found particularly interesting. 10 students spontaneously identified 10 different passages.

It's just the setting you'd want for discussing perspectival Zhuangzi! Framing it all was one of my choices: Courses are formed by someone walking them. (2.19) "Course(s)" is Ziporyn's translation of dao 道 but I'm happy to claim this insight for seminar learning as well.

And Zhuangzi was waiting for us in one of his characteristic hijackings of a famous story, too, here a story of the sage king Yao, who first unified rule in China. When one day ten suns rose at once, "scorching the grains and crops, killing the plants and grasses" (as Ziporyn quotes from the Huainanzi in a note), Yao had nine of them shot out of the sky. Moral of the story: there must be only one ruler, one standard of rightness. But in Zhuangzi (2.37) Yao is advised a better course by Shun, the very person Yao chose to be his successor:

In ancient times, Yao asked Shun, "I want to attack Zong, Kuai, and Xu'ao, for though I sit facing south on the throne, still I am not at ease. Why is this?"
Shun said, "Though these three may continue to dwell out among the grasses and brambles, why should this make you ill at ease? Once upon a time, ten suns rose in the sky at once, and the ten thousand things were all simultaneously illuminated. And how much better are many Virtuosities than many suns?"